Quantized redshift and challenges to the Big Bang hypothesis

A Doppler shift is defined as a change in the frequency of light or sound as an object moves toward or away from an observer. Edwin Hubble observed in 1929 that galaxies on average appear to be moving away from us (see figure above), which could indicate that the universe is expanding, an effect known as Hubble’s law.

An increase in the wavelength of light due to the distance of an object manifests itself as a shift towards the red end of the optical spectrum and is therefore called by astronomers a “redshift”.

In standard cosmology, as a direct consequence of Hubble’s law, redshift is also considered an indicator of distance.

The recent precision measurement of the cosmic microwave background is explained by the Standard Model as the oldest light in the universe and by another method (brightest star), the standard candle, to support the idea that the expansion of the universe is faster than astronomers originally expected, based on the Standard Model’s understanding of the initial conditions and subsequent evolution of the universe.

Many aspects of this evolution are not fully understood. This includes the actual value of the Hubble parameter, and since this supposed constant is fundamental to standard cosmology, the prolific and ongoing debate over its value is euphemistically called by its proponents the “Hubble tension.” Alternative cosmologists, on the other hand, are freed from this unnecessary and self-imposed conundrum.

Quantized redshift

Alternative scientists disagree with the concept of an expanding universe, partly because of multiple findings that extragalactic objects exhibit redshift periodicity, also known as redshift quantization, which is characterized by the tendency of distant objects, particularly galaxies and quasars, to cluster around linear or logarithmic multiples of a particular redshift value.

In standard inflationary cosmological models, the redshift of cosmological bodies is attributed to the expansion of the universe, with a larger redshift indicating a greater cosmic distance from Earth (Hubble’s law) and called a “cosmological” redshift.

The quantized redshift of cosmological objects would indicate either that they are physically arranged in a quantized pattern, or that there is an unknown mechanism for the redshift that is not related to cosmic expansion and is instead termed “intrinsic” or “non-cosmological.”

William G. Tifft observed the periodicity of redshifts in galaxies and, according to Halton Arp and Geoffrey Burbidge, the redshift disparities in quasars are due to an intrinsic component inherent in an evolutionary process.

Observation and abnormal redshift

Since 1966, some scientists have argued that the redshift is not just due to a Doppler effect. Hoyle and Narlikar (1966) observed an apparent physical association of quasars and galaxies but with different redshifts, as illustrated by a quasar with z = 2.114 very close to the nucleus of the galaxy NGC 7319 with z = 0.022.

As we indicated in our article, published in Research in astronomy and astrophysicsHalton Arp has observed many cases of such pairs, and there is a notable case observed directly by Lopez-Corredoira and Gutierrez (2004) with two quasars resting on a filament that connects two galaxies – all four objects have different redshifts from each other.

On the other hand, standard cosmology uses gravitational lensing to explain the apparent physical association of quasar-galaxy pairs, a phenomenon in which light from a background object is bent due to the gravity of an intermediate foreground object with a very large mass.

The recently observed galaxy GNz7q is a dusty formation burst galaxy from which a luminous quasar apparently emerged, a situation that is not consistent with the presence of a young central black hole in a less massive phase at high redshift.

GN-z11 is estimated to be only 70 million years old, but it is a second-generation galaxy, moderately massive and devoid of metals. JWST observed a supermassive black hole 200 million years after the Big Bang, raising the question of how this supermassive black hole formed so rapidly just after the birth of the universe. Many other observations raise fundamental questions about the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars.

Recent observations from JWST and other telescopes violate the fundamental principle of standard cosmology that the universe is on average homogeneous and isotropic. Also violated are the Standard Model predictions of high redshift, high luminosity, metallicity, and carbon evolution in the early universe, including the presence of large filamentary objects, galaxies like the Milky Way, and unexpected morphology of high- and low-redshift objects.

Quantized Redshift Physics

The Hoyle–Narlikar variable mass hypothesis provides a framework in which quasars are ejected from galactic nuclei, starting with low mass and high redshift, extracting energy from the surrounding system, and over time increasing in mass and decreasing in redshift, with redshift related to mass rather than distance.

Dynamic multiple scattering is another theory that could explain redshifts dependent on environmental characteristics. Under laboratory conditions, a redshift has been observed between two stationary objects, where no Doppler shift is expected due to the characteristics of the medium in which the experiments were performed.

Conclusion

In this paper, we used a method based on singular value decomposition for data analysis. We described in our previous paper that the SVD method is robust compared to the standard method of using a periodogram to perform periodicity estimation in noisy or quasi-periodic datasets.

We have analyzed several different types of redshift data, with single quasars, single galaxies, or quasar-galaxy pairs, all data originally coming from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey or the Two-degree Field (2dF). Our analyses show that the redshift in some cases includes a high intrinsic component that is certainly not of cosmological origin, in stark contrast to conventional interpretations of quasar luminosity and galaxy metallicity, size, structure, and morphology.

With regard to recent observations of extragalactic redshifts, alternative cosmology confirms its predictions in cases that otherwise produce discrepancies when the precepts of standard cosmology are applied.

Observational evidence is needed to validate any model. Thus, observational data such as the redshift periodicity of a galaxy-quasar pair pose a new challenge to observational astronomy for extragalactic objects and the Big Bang hypothesis.

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Arindam Mal is a scientist at the Indian Space Research Organisation in Ahmedabad, India. His research interests include cosmology, precision instrumentation and data analysis.

Sisir Roy is a Professor and Senior Homi Bhabha Fellow at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore, India. His areas of interest are cosmology, quantum physics, consciousness and neuroscience.